Fetal and Neonatal Physiology 2 Volume

Offering the comprehensive, authoritative information needed for effective diagnosis, treatment, and management of sick and premature infants, Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, 6th Edition, is an invaluable resource for board review, clinical rounds, scientific research, and day-to-day practice. This trusted two-volume text synthesizes recent advances in the field into definitive guidance for today’s busy practitioner, focusing on the basic science needed for exam preparation and key information required for full-time practice. It stands alone as the most complete text available in this complex and fast-changing field, yet is easy to use for everyday application.

Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, 2-Volume Set, 6th Edition

Polin, Abman, Rowitch & Benitz

Table of Contents

Contents

Volume 1

Section I Genetics and

Embryology

1 Basic Genetic Principles, 1

Haluk Kavus | Wendy K. Chung

2 Epigenetics, 11

William Schierding | Mark H. Vickers | Justin M.

O’Sullivan | Wayne S. Cutfield

3 Basic Embryology, 23

David L. Bolender

4 Regulation of Embryogenesis, 38

Matt K. Lee | Changgong Li | David Warburton | Parviz

Minoo

5 The Extracellular Matrix in Development, 47

Sandra L. Leibel | Martin Post

6 Angiogenesis, 54

Yalda Afshar | M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe

7 Prenatal Diagnosis, 58

Laura Smith | Barbara M. O’Brien

Section II Placenta and

Intrauterine Environment

8 Placental Development, 67

Margaret G. Petroff | Helen Jones

9 Regulation of the Placental Circulation, 80

Imran N. Mir | Charles R. Rosenfeld

10 Mechanisms of Transfer Across the Human

Placenta, 89

Rohan M. Lewis | Jane K. Cleal

11 Endocrine and Paracrine Function of the Human

Placenta, 101

Anna A. Penn

12 Intra-Amniotic Infection/Inflammation and the

Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome, 111

Eunjung Jung | Roberto Romero | Lami Yeo | Piya

Chaemsaithong | Nardhy Gomez-Lopez

13 Fetal Origins of Adult Disease: A Classic

Hypothesis With New Relevance, 129

Peter Russell Baker II

14 Placental Function in Intrauterine Growth

Restriction, 137

Jill Chang | Karen Mestan

Section III Developmental

Pharmacology

15 Basic Pharmacologic Principles, 150

Gabriel Altit | Julie Autmizguine | François

Duhamel | Sylvain Chemtob

16 Principles of Pharmacokinetics, 166

Robert M. Ward | Kevin M. Watt | Steven E. Kern

17 The Physiology of Placental Drug

Disposition, 173

Karel Allegaert | John Nicolaas van den Anker

18 Pharmacogenomics, 187

Laura B. Ramsey | Tomoyuki Mizuno | Alexander A. Vinks

19 Drug Distribution in Fetal Life, 194

Marianne Garland

20 Drug Transfer During Breastfeeding, 203

Thomas W. Hale | Kaytlin Krutsch

Section IV Intrauterine and

Postnatal Growth

21 Placental and Fetal Circulatory and Metabolic

Changes Accompanying Fetal Growth

Restriction, 214

Barbra de Vrijer | Giacomo Meschia | Frederick C.

Battaglia | Timothy R.H. Regnault | William W. Hay, Jr.

22 Endocrine Factors Affecting Neonatal

Growth, 224

Kara Kuhn-Riordon | Yvonne K. Lee | Dennis M. Styne

23 Human Milk Composition and Function in the

Infant, 241

Donna Geddes | Zoya Gridneva | Lisa Stinson | Peter

Hartmann

24 Physiology of Lactation, 249

Jayne F. Martin Carli | Jenifer Monks | James L. McManaman

Section V Perinatal Iron,

Mineral, and Vitamin

Metabolism

25 Fetal and Neonatal Iron Metabolism, 257

Harry J. McArdle | Michael K. Georgieff

26 Fetal and Neonatal Calcium, Phosphorus, and

Magnesium Homeostasis, 265

Karen M. O’Callaghan | Daniel E. Roth

27 Zinc in the Fetus and Neonate, 282

Nancy F. Krebs | K. Michael Hambidge

28 Vitamin A Metabolism in the Fetus and

Neonate, 287

Libo Tan | A. Catharine Ross

29 Vitamin E Nutrition in Pregnancy and the

Newborn Infant, 295

Karla Danielly da S. Ribeiro | Débora Gabriela Fernandes

Assunção | Natália Carlos Maia Amorim | Priscila Gomes de

Oliveira

30 Vitamin K Metabolism in the Fetus and

Neonate, 303

Martin J. Shearer | Paul Clarke

Section VI Lipid Metabolism

31 Maternal-Fetal Transfer of Lipid

Metabolites, 311

Emilio Herrera | Miguel Angel Lasunción

32 Brown Adipose Tissue: Development and

Function, 323

Jan Nedergaard | Barbara Cannon

33 Lipids as an Energy Source for the Premature

and Term Neonate, 332

Emilio Herrera | Henar Ortega-Senovilla

34 Ketone Body Metabolism in the Neonate, 339

Baris Ercal | Peter A. Crawford

35 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in

Neurodevelopment, 348

Kathleen M. Gustafson | John Colombo | Susan E. Carlson

Section VII Carbohydrate

Metabolism

36 Glucose Metabolism in the Fetus and Newborn,

and Methods for Its Investigation, 358

Sarah A. Wernimont | Andrew W. Norris

37 Oxygen Consumption and General

Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Fetus, 368

Anthony F. Philipps

38 Role of Glucoregulatory Hormones in Hepatic

Glucose Metabolism During the Perinatal

Period, 382

Kathryn Beardsall | Amanda Ogilvy-Stuart | Myat Su Win

39 Cell Glucose Transport and Glucose Handling

During Fetal and Neonatal Development, 392

Rebecca A. Simmons

Section VIII Protein

Metabolism

40 General Concepts of Protein Metabolism, 400

Chris H.P. van den Akker | Johannes (Hans) B. van

Goudoever | Dwight E. Matthews

41 Placental Transfer and Fetal Requirements of

Amino Acids, 408

Laura D. Brown | Rohan M. Lewis | William W. Hay, Jr. |

Timothy R.H. Regnault

Section IX

Thermoregulation

42 Temperature Control in Newborn Infants, 423

Rakesh Sahni

Section X Skin

43 Structure and Development of the Skin and

Cutaneous Appendages, 446

David H. Chu | Cynthia A. Loomis

44 Physiologic Development of the Skin, 454

Marty O. Visscher | Vivek Narendran

Section XI Fetal and Neonatal

Cardiovascular Physiology

45 Cardiovascular Development, 473

Maurice J.B. van den Hoff | Andy Wessels

46 Developmental Electrophysiology in the Fetus

and Neonate, 482

Janette F. Strasburger | Annette Wacker-Gussmann | Michael A.

Schellpfeffer

47 Developmental Biology of the Pulmonary

Vasculature, 501

Cristina M. Alvira | Shazia Bhombal | Marlene Rabinovitch

48 Development of the Gastrointestinal Circulation

in the Fetus and Newborn, 517

Upender K. Munshi | David A. Clark

49 Physiology of Congenital Heart Disease in the

Neonate, 521

†Thomas J. Kulik | Philip T. Levy

50 Regulation of Cardiovascular Function During

Fetal and Newborn Life, 534

Dino A. Giussani | Jeffrey L. Segar

51 Nutritional and Environmental Effects on the

Fetal Circulation, 545

Lucy R. Green | Mark A. Hanson

†Deceased.

52 Mechanisms Regulating Closure of the Ductus

Arteriosus, 553

Ronald I. Clyman

53 Umbilical Circulation, 564

Torvid Kiserud | Guttorm Haugen

54 Fetal and Placental Circulation During

Labor, 576

Karel Maršál

Section XII The Lung

55 Normal and Abnormal Structural Development

of the Lung, 585

Xin Sun

56 Regulation of Alveolarization, 600

Christophe Delacourt | Alice Hadchouel

57 Physiologic Mechanisms of Normal and Altered

Lung Growth Before and After Birth, 605

Megan J. Wallace | Stuart B. Hooper | Richard Harding

58 Molecular Mechanisms of Lung Development

and Lung Branching Morphogenesis, 617

Sandra L. Leibel | Martin Post

59 Regulation of Liquid Secretion and Absorption

by the Fetal and Neonatal Lung, 626

David P. Carlton

60 Upper Airway Structure: Function, Regulation,

and Development, 635

Thomas H. Shaffer | Raymond B. Penn | Marla R. Wolfson

61 Regulation of Lower Airway Function, 645

Abhrajit Ganguly | Richard J. Martin | Peter M.

MacFarlane | Y.S. Prakash | Thomas M. Raffay

62 Functional Development of Respiratory

Muscles, 652

Carlos B. Mantilla | Joline E. Brandenburg | Matthew J.

Fogarty | Gary C. Sieck

63 Mechanics of Breathing, 665

Jacopo P. Mortola

64 Pulmonary Gas Exchange in the Developing

Lung, 673

Leif D. Nelin | John P. Kinsella | William E. Truog III

65 Oxygen Transport and Delivery, 684

Danielle R. Rios | Afif F. El-Khuffash | Patrick J. McNamara

66 Control of Breathing in Fetal Life and Onset and

Control of Breathing in the Neonate, 697

Ruben E. Alvaro

67 Basic Mechanisms of Oxygen Sensing and

Adaptation to Hypoxia, 707

Dan Zhou | Gabriel G. Haddad

68 Evaluation of Pulmonary Function in the

Neonate, 714

Emidio Sivieri | Kevin Dysart | Soraya Abbasi | Eric C.

Eichenwald

69 Mechanisms of Neonatal Lung Injury, 728

Anastasiya Mankouski | Richard Lambert Auten, Jr.

70 Impaired Lung Growth After Injury in Preterm

Lung, 734

Kurt H. Albertine | Theodore J. Pysher | Bradley A. Yoder

71 Antenatal Factors That Influence Postnatal Lung

Development and Injury, 748

Suhas G. Kallapur | Alan H. Jobe

72 Regulation of Pulmonary Circulation, 757

Yuansheng Gao | J. Usha Raj

SECTION XIII Surfactant

73 Historical Perspective, 765

John A. Clements

74 Developmental Biology of Lung Stem Cells, 768

Ivana Mižíková | Chanèle Cyr-Depauw | Bernard Thébaud

75 Surfactant Homeostasis: Composition and

Function of Pulmonary Surfactant Lipids and

Proteins, 776

Jeffrey A. Whitsett | Paul S. Kingma

76 Structure and Development of Alveolar

Epithelial Cells, 787

Henry J. Rozycki | Karen D. Hendricks-Muñoz

77 Regulation of Surfactant-Associated

Phospholipid Synthesis and Secretion, 792

Wolfgang Bernhard

78 Antenatal Hormonal Therapy for Prevention of

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 804

J.E. Harding | C.A. Crowther | C.J.D. McKinlay

79 Surfactant Treatment, 813

Alan H. Jobe | Suhas G. Kallapur

80 Genetics and Physiology of Surfactant Protein

Deficiencies, 825

Jennifer A. Wambach | Lawrence M. Nogee

SECTION XIV Physiology of

Gastrointestinal Tract in the

Fetus and Neonate

81 Trophic Factors and Regulation

of Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver

Development, 838

Douglas G. Burrin | Caitlin E. Vonderohe

Organogenesis of the Gastrointestinal

Tract, 845

Maxime M. Mahe | Michael A. Helmrath | Noah F. Shroyer

83 Development of Gastric Secretory

Function, 854

Joshua D. Prozialeck | Barry K. Wershil

84 Development of the Enteric Nervous System and

Gastrointestinal Motility, 859

Julie Khlevner | Andrew Del Colle | Kara Gross Margolis

85 Development of the Endocrine and Exocrine

Pancreas, 868

Lori Sussel

86 Digestive-Absorptive Functions in Fetuses,

Infants, and Children, 881

Diomel de la Cruz | Josef Neu

87 The Developing Microbiome of the Fetus and

Neonate: A Multiomic Approach, 888

Josef Neu | Neel Kamal Singh

SECTION XV Liver and Bilirubin

Metabolism

88 Organogenesis and Histologic Development of

the Liver, 896

Steven Lobritto

89 Bile Acid Metabolism During Development, 901

Linda X. Wang | Rohit Kohli

90 Fetal and Neonatal Bilirubin

Metabolism, 915

Ryoichi Fujiwara

91 Hereditary Contributions to Neonatal

Hyperbilirubinemia, 919

Michael Kaplan | Cathy Hammerman

92 Mechanistic Aspects of Phototherapy for

Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia, 930

Vinod K. Bhutani | Christina M. Konecny | Ronald J. Wong

Volume 2

Section XVI The Kidney

93 Development of the Kidney: Morphology and

Mechanisms, 941

Ian M. Smyth | Luise A. Cullen-McEwen | Alexander N.

Combes | Lori L. O’Brien | Mary Jane Black |

John F. Bertram

94 Functional Development of the Kidney in

Utero, 954

Douglas G. Matsell | Michael J. Hiatt

95 Development and Regulation of Renal Blood

Flow in the Neonate, 965

Michael J. Solhaug | Pedro A. Jose

96 Postnatal Development of Glomerular Filtration

Rate in Neonates, 975

Jean-Pierre Guignard | Silvia Iacobelli

97 Renal Transport of Sodium During

Development, 984

Michel Baum

98 Potassium Homeostasis in the Fetus and

Neonate, 992

Matthias T. Wolf | Corinne Benchimol | Lisa M.

Satlin | Raymond Quigley

99 Role of the Kidney in Calcium and Phosphorus

Homeostasis, 1006

Minh Dien Duong | Frederick J. Kaskel

100 Transport of Amino Acids in the Fetus and

Neonate, 1018

Raymond Quigley

101 Organic Anion Transport in the Developing

Kidney, 1024

Sun-Young Ahn | Jeremiah D. Momper | Sanjay K. Nigam

102 Concentration and Dilution of Urine, 1030

Silvia Iacobelli | Jean-Pierre Guignard

103 Urinary Acidification, 1047

Seth L. Alper | George J. Schwartz

104 Response to Nephron Loss in Early

Development, 1056

Pamela I. Good | Fangming Lin | Jennifer R. Charlton

SECTION XVII Fluid and

Electrolyte Metabolism

105 Fluid Distribution in the Fetus and

Neonate, 1064

Chang-Ryul Kim | Barbara S. Stonestreet

106 Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in the Fetus

and Neonate, 1076

Timur Azhibekov | Philippe S. Friedlich | Istvan Seri

Section XVIII Developmental

Hematopoiesis

107 Developmental Biology of Hematopoietic Stem

Cells, 1082

Amélie Collins

108 Neutrophil Granulopoiesis and

Homeostasis, 1093

Shelley M. Lawrence | Victor Nizet

109 Developmental Erythropoiesis, 1104

Timothy M. Bahr | Robin K. Ohls

110 Developmental Megakaryopoiesis, 1125

Martha C. Sola-Visner | Patricia Davenport

Section XIX Hemostasis

111 Developmental Hemostasis, 1145

Paul Monagle

112 Platelet–Vessel Wall Interactions, 1153

Thomas G. Diacovo

Section XX Developmental

Immunobiology

113 Host Defense Mechanisms Against

Bacteria, 1158

Tobias R. Kollmann | Nicolas Dauby | Danny

Harbeson | Mario Fidanza | Arnaud Marchant

114 Host Defense Mechanisms Against Fungi, 1167

Melinda Erdos | László Maródi

115 Host Defense Mechanisms Against

Viruses, 1172

James E. Crowe, Jr. | Fabienne Willems | Arnaud Marchant

116 T-Cell Development, 1195

Melinda Erdos | László Maródi

117 B-Cell Development, 1200

Sandra C.A. Nielsen | Scott D. Boyd

118 Mononuclear Phagocyte System, 1206

Pascal M. Lavoie | Ofer Levy

119 Normal and Abnormal Neutrophil Physiology in

the Newborn, 1215

Joyce M. Koenig | Joseph M. Bliss | Markus Sperandio

120 The Complement System of the Fetus and

Newborn, 1232

Melvin Berger

121 Cytokines and Inflammatory Response in the

Fetus and Neonate, 1243

Scott M. Gordon | Lakshmi Srinivasan | Mary Catherine

Harris | Laurie E. Kilpatrick

122 Immunology of Human Milk, 1257

Armond S. Goldman | Sadhana Chheda | Susan E. Keeney

123 Neonatal Pulmonary Host Defense, 1265

Misty Good | Jay K. Kolls | Kerry M. Empey

Section XXI Neurology

124 Development of the Nervous System, 1297

Christopher J. Yuskaitis | Scott L. Pomeroy

125 Mechanisms of Cell Death in the Developing

Brain, 1318

Claire Thornton

126 Development of the Blood-Brain Barrier, 1327

Clémence Disdier | Susan S. Cohen | Mariella

Errede | Daniela Virgintino | Barbara S. Stonestreet

127 Trophic Factor, Nutritional, and Hormonal

Regulation of Brain Development, 1341

David Pleasure

128 Developmental Aspects of Pain, 1347

Manon Ranger | Simon Beggs | Ruth E. Grunau

129 Cerebellar Development—The Impact of Preterm

Birth and Comorbidities, 1353

Emily W.Y. Tam | Manon J.N.L. Benders | Vivi M. Heine

130 Electroencephalography in the Preterm and

Term Infant, 1367

Maria Roberta Cilio | Francesco Pisani

131 Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the

Neonate, 1394

Brian H. Walsh | Terrie E. Inder

132 Pathophysiology of Neonatal White Matter

Injury, 1414

Steven P. Miller | Stephen A. Back

133 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

of Neonatal Brain Injury and

Neuroprotection, 1422

Panagiotis Kratimenos | Joseph Scafidi | Vittorio Gallo

134 Neuroprotective Therapeutic Hypothermia, 1432

Alistair J. Gunn | Joanne O. Davidson | Laura Bennet

Section XXII Special Sensory

Systems in the Fetus and

Neonate

135 Early Development of the Human Auditory

System, 1440

Kelsey L. Anbuhl | Kristin M. Uhler | Lynne A.

Werner | Daniel J. Tollin

136 Development of Olfaction and Taste in the

Human Fetus and Neonate, 1455

Harvey B. Sarnat

Section XXIII Musculoskeletal

137 The Growth Plate: Embryologic Origin,

Structure, and Function, 1465

Emmanouil Grigoriou | John P. Dormans

138 Ontogenesis of Striated Muscle, 1475

Harvey B. Sarnat

Section XXIV Endocrine

Function

139 Hypothalamus: Neuroendometabolic

Center, 1495

Adda Grimberg | Jessica Katz Kutikov

140 Growth Factor Regulation of Fetal

Growth, 1505

Colin P. Hawkes | Lorraine E. Levitt Katz

141 Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Placental

Lactogen in the Fetus and Newborn, 1514

Nursen Gurtunca | Mark A. Sperling

142 Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating

Hormone Secretion in the Fetus and Newborn

Infant, 1520

Sumana Narasimhan | Ethel G. Clemente | Neha V. Vyas |

T. Rajendra Kumar

143 Development of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-

Adrenal Axis in the Fetus, 1532

Brian J. Feldman | Abby Walch | Jennifer Zabinsky

144 Fetal and Neonatal Adrenocortical

Physiology, 1538

Kristi L. Watterberg | Louis J. Muglia

145 Fetal and Neonatal Thyroid Physiology, 1546

Andrew J. Bauer

Section XXV Ovary and

Testis

146 Genetics of Sex Determination and

Differentiation, 1555

Peter James Ivor Ellis

147 Differentiation of the Ovary, 1566

Linn Salto Mamsen | Claus Yding Andersen | Andrew J.

Childs | Richard A. Anderson

148 Testicular Development and Descent, 1574

Mary M. Lee

Section XXVi

PAT HOPHYSIOLOGY OF NEONATAL

DISEASES

149 The Pathophysiology of Twin-Twin Transfusion

Syndrome, Twin-Anemia Polycythemia Sequence,

and Twin-Reversed Arterial Perfusion, 1582

Christoph Wohlmuth

150 Physiology of Neonatal Resuscitation, 1589

Stuart B. Hooper | Arjan B. te Pas

151 Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis, 1606

James L. Wynn

152 Pathophysiology of Neonatal

Hypoglycemia, 1624

Colin P. Hawkes | Diana E. Stanescu | Charles A. Stanley

153 Pathophysiology of Cardiomyopathies, 1633

Hugo R. Martinez | Thomas D. Ryan | Jeffrey A. Towbin

154 Pathophysiology of Persistent Pulmonary

Hypertension of the Newborn, 1648

Satyan Lakshminrusimha | Robin H. Steinhorn

155 Pathophysiology of Shock in the Fetus and

Neonate, 1662

Shahab Noori | Philippe S. Friedlich | Istvan Seri

156 Pathophysiology of Apnea of

Prematurity, 1671

Lisa J. Mitchell | Peter M. MacFarlane | Ryan W.

Bavis | Richard J. Martin

157 Pathophysiology of Respiratory Distress

Syndrome, 1680

Alan H. Jobe

158 Pathophysiology of Meconium Aspiration

Syndrome, 1696

Jason Gien | John P. Kinsella

159 Pathophysiology of Bronchopulmonary

Dysplasia, 1703

Eduardo H. Bancalari | Deepak Jain

160 Pathophysiology of Ventilator-Dependent

Infants, 1710

Howard B. Panitch

161 Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal

Reflux, 1722

Sudarshan Rao Jadcherla

162 Pathophysiology and Prevention of Neonatal

Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 1732

Misty Good | Michael Caplan

163 Pathophysiology of Kernicterus, 1738

Thor Willy Ruud Hansen

164 Pathophysiology of Neonatal Acute Kidney

Injury, 1750

David T. Selewski | David J. Askenazi | Jennifer R.

Charlton | Jennifer G. Jetton

165 Pathophysiology of Edema, 1760

David P. Carlton

166 Pathophysiology of Retinopathy of

Prematurity, 1765

M. Elizabeth Hartnett

167 Pathophysiology of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic

Brain Injury, 1773

Vadim S. Ten

168 Pathophysiology of Neonatal Acute Bacterial

Meningitis, 1784

Rodrigo Hasbun | Allan Collodel | Tatiana Barichello

169 Pathophysiology of Neural Tube

Defects, 1797

Andrew J. Copp | Nicholas D.E. Greene

170 Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia, 1811

Sarosh Rana | S. Ananth Karumanchi

171 Pathophysiology of Preterm Birth, 1820

David A. MacIntyre | Shirin Khanjani | Phillip R. Bennett

172 Pathophysiology of Chorioamnionitis: Host

Immunity and Microbial Virulence, 1828

Thomas A. Hooven | Tara M. Randis

173 Pathophysiology of Genetic Neonatal

Disease, 1837

Katrina A. Andrews | Sarah A. Bowdin

174 Genetic Variants and Neonatal Disease, 1846

Jennifer L. Cohen | C. Michael Cotten