Table of Contents
SECTION 1—NORMAL AND ABNORMAL
DEVELOPMENT
1-1 Embryo at 18 Days, 2
1-2 Embryo at 20 to 24 Days, 3
1-3 Central Nervous System at 28 Days, 4
1-4 Central Nervous System at 36 Days, 5
1-5 Defective Neural Tube Formation, 6
1-6 Defective Neural Tube Formation
(Continued), 7
1-7 Spinal Dysraphism, 8
1-8 Spinal Dysraphism (Continued), 9
1-9 Fetal Brain Growth in the First
Trimester, 10
1-10 Craniosynostosis, 11
1-11 Extracranial Hemorrhage and Skull
Fractures in the Newborn, 12
1-12 Intracranial Hemorrhage in the
Newborn, 13
1-13 The External Development of the Brain
in the Second and Third Trimesters, 14
1-14 Mature Brain Ventricles, 15
1-15 Hydrocephalus, 16
1-16 Surgical Treatment of Hydrocephalus, 17
1-17 Cerebral Palsy, 18
1-18 Establishing Cellular Diversity in the
Embryonic Brain and Spinal Cord, 20
1-19 Generation of Neuronal Diversity in the
Spinal Cord and Hindbrain, 22
1-20 Circuit Formation in the Spinal Cord, 23
1-21 Sheath and Satellite Cell Formation, 24
1-22 Development of Myelination and Axon
Ensheathment, 25
1-23 Brachial Plexus and/or Cervical Nerve
Root Injuries at Birth, 26
1-24 Morphogenesis and Regional
Differentiation of the Forebrain, 27
1-25 Neurogenesis and Cell Migration in the
Developing Neocortex, 28
1-26 Neuronal Proliferation and Migration
Disorders, 29
1-27 Developmental Dyslexia, 30
1-28 Autism Spectrum Disorders, 31
1-29 Rett Syndrome, 32
SECTION 2—CEREBRAL CORTEX AND
NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
2-1 Superolateral Surface of Brain, 34
2-2 Medial Surface of Brain, 35
2-3 Inferior Surface of Brain, 36
2-4 Cerebral Cortex: Function and
Association Pathways, 37
2-5 Major Cortical Association Bundles, 38
2-6 Corticocortical and Subcorticocortical
Projection Circuits, 39
2-7 Corpus Callosum, 40
2-8 Rhinencephalon and Limbic System, 41
2-9 Hippocampus, 42
2-10 Fornix, 43
2-11 Amygdala, 44
2-12 Forebrain Regions Associated with
Hypothalamus, 45
2-13 Thalamocortical Radiations, 46
2-14 Neuronal Structure and Synapses, 47
2-15 Chemical Synaptic Transmission, 48
2-16 Summation of Excitation and
Inhibition, 49
2-17 Types of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex, 50
2-18 Astrocytes, 51
2-19 Testing for Defects of Higher Cortical
Function, 52
2-20 Memory Circuits, 53
2-21 Amnesia, 54
2-22 Dominant Hemisphere Language
Dysfunction, 55
2-23 Nondominant Hemisphere Higher Cortical
Dysfunction, 56
2-24 Alzheimer Disease: Pathology, 57
2-25 Alzheimer Disease: Distribution of
Pathology, 58
2-26 Alzheimer Disease: Clinical
Manifestations, Progressive Phases, 59
2-27 Frontotemporal Dementia, 60
2-28 Dementia with Lewy Bodies, 61
2-29 Vascular Dementia, 62
2-30 Treatable Dementias, 63
2-31 Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus, 64
SECTION 3—EPILEPSY
3-1 Electroencephalography, 66
3-2 Focal (Partial) Seizures, 67
3-3 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, 68
3-4 Absence Seizures, 69
3-5 Epileptic Syndromes, 70
3-6 Neonatal Seizures, 71
3-7 Status Epilepticus, 72
3-8 Causes of Seizures, 73
3-9 Neurobiology of Epilepsy, 74
3-10 Neurobiology of Epilepsy (Continued), 75
3-11 Neurobiology of Epilepsy (Continued), 76
3-12 Treatment of Epilepsy: Preoperative
Evaluation, 77
3-13 Treatment of Epilepsy: Resective
Surgery, 78
SECTION 4—PSYCHIATRY
4-1 Limbic System, 80
4-2 Major Depressive Disorder, 81
4-3 Postpartum Depression, 82
4-4 Bipolar Disorder, 83
4-5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 84
4-6 Social Anxiety disorder, 85
4-7 Panic Disorder, 86
4-8 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 87
4-9 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 88
4-10 Somatization, 89
4-11 Conversion Disorder, 90
4-12 Schizophrenia, 91
4-13 Alcohol Use Disorders, 92
4-14 Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders, 93
4-15 Alcohol Withdrawal, 94
4-16 Opioid Use Disorders, 95
4-17 Opioid Withdrawal, 96
4-18 Borderline Personality Disorder, 97
4-19 Antisocial Personality Disorder, 98
4-20 Intimate Partner Abuse, 99
4-21 Elder Abuse, 100
4-22 Delirium and Acute Personality
Changes, 101
4-23 Delirium and Acute Personality Changes
(Continued), 102
4-24 Insomnia, 103
4-25 Pediatrics: Depressive Disorders, 104
4-26 Pediatrics: Anxiety Disorders, 105
4-27 Pediatrics: Disruptive Behavior
Disorders, 106
4-28 Pediatrics: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder, 107
4-29 Pediatrics: Eating Disorders, 108
4-30 Child Abuse: Fractures in Abused
Children, 109
4-31 Child Abuse: Staging of Injuries and
Injury Patterns, 110
SECTION 5—HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY,
SLEEP, AND THALAMUS
5-1 Anatomic Relationships of the
Hypothalamus, 112
5-2 Development and Developmental
Disorders of the Hypothalamus, 113
5-3 Blood Supply of the Hypothalamus and
Pituitary Gland, 114
5-4 General Topography of the
Hypothalamus, 115
5-5 Overview of Hypothalamic Nuclei, 116
5-6 Hypothalamic Control of the Pituitary
Gland, 117
5-7 Hypothalamic Control of the Autonomic
Nervous System, 118
5-8 Olfactory Inputs to the
Hypothalamus, 119
5-9 Visual Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 120
5-10 Somatosensory Inputs to the
Hypothalamus, 121
5-11 Taste and Other Visceral Sensory Inputs
to the Hypothalamus, 122
5-12 Limbic and Cortical Inputs to the
Hypothalamus, 123
5-13 Overview of Hypothalamic Function and
Dysfunction, 124
5-14 Regulation of Water Balance, 125
5-15 Temperature Regulation, 126
5-16 Fever: Cytokines and Prostaglandins
Cause the Sickness Response, 127
5-17 Fever: Hypothalamic Responses During
Inflammation Modulate Immune
Response, 128
5-18 Regulation of Food Intake, Body Weight,
and Metabolism, 129
5-19 Stress Response, 130
5-20 Hypothalamic Regulation of
Cardiovascular Function, 131
5-21 Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep, 132
5-22 Narcolepsy: A Hypothalamic Sleep
Disorder, 133
5-23 Sleep-Disordered Breathing, 134
5-24 Parasomnias, 135
5-25 Divisions of the Pituitary Gland
and Its Relationships to the
Hypothalamus, 136
5-26 Posterior Pituitary Gland, 137
5-27 Anatomic Relationships of the Pituitary
Gland, 138
5-28 Effects of Pituitary Mass Lesions on the
Visual Apparatus, 139
5-29 Anterior Pituitary Hormone
Deficiencies, 140
5-30 Severe Anterior Pituitary Hormone
Deficiencies (Panhypopituitarism), 141
5-31 Postpartum Pituitary Infarction (Sheehan
Syndrome), 142
5-32 Pituitary Apoplexy, 143
5-33 Thalamic Anatomy and Pathology, 144
5-34 Thalamic Anatomy and Pathology
(Continued), 145
SECTION 6—DISORDERS OF
CONSCIOUSNESS (COMA)
6-1 Coma, 148
6-2 Disorders of Consciousness, 149
6-3 Full Outline of Unresponsiveness Score
(FOUR), 150
6-4 Prognosis in Coma Related to Severe
Head Injuries, 151
6-5 Differential Diagnosis of Coma, 152
6-6 Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage, 153
6-7 Vegetative State and Minimally Conscious
State, 154
6-8 Brain Death, 155
6-9 Ventilatory Patterns and Apnea Test, 156
SECTION 7—BASAL GANGLIA AND
MOVEMENT DISORDERS
7-1 Basal Nuclei (Ganglia), 158
7-2 Basal Ganglia and Related Structures 159
7-3 Schematic and Cross Section of Basal
Ganglia, 160
7-4 Parkinsonism: Early Manifestations, 161
7-5 Parkinsonism: Successive Clinical
Stages, 162
7-6 Neuropathology of Parkinson
Disease, 163
7-7 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, 164
7-8 Corticobasal Degeneration, 165
7-9 Parkinsonism: Hypothesized Role of
Dopamine, 166
7-10 Surgical Management of Movement
Disorders, 167
7-11 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder:
Idiopathic Torsion Dystonia, 168
7-12 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder:
Cervical Dystonia, 169
7-13 Chorea/Ballism, 170
7-14 Tremor, 171
7-15 Tics and Tourette Syndrome, 172
7-16 Myoclonus, 173
7-17 Wilson Disease, 174
7-18 Psychogenic Movement Disorders, 175
7-19 Cerebral Palsy, 176
SECTION 8—CEREBELLUM AND ATAXIA
8-1 Cerebellum and the Fourth Ventricle, 178
8-2 Cerebellum Gross Anatomy, 179
8-3 Cerebellar Peduncles, 180
8-4 Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei, 181
8-5 Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei
(Continued), 182
8-6 Cerebellar Cortical and Corticonuclear
Circuitry, 183
8-7 Cerebellar Cortical and Corticonuclear
Circuitry (Continued), 184
8-8 Cerebellum Subdivisions and Afferent
Pathways, 185
8-9 Cerebellum Subdivisions and Afferent
Pathways (Continued), 186
8-10 Cerebellar Efferent Pathways, 187
8-11 Cerebellovestibular Pathways, 189
8-12 Cerebellum Modular Organization, 190
8-13 Cerebrocerebellar Connections, 191
8-14 Cerebellar Motor Examination, 192
8-15 Cerebellar Cognitive Affective
Syndrome, 193
8-16 Cerebellar Disorders Differential
Diagnosis, 194
8-17 Gait Disorders—Differential
Diagnosis, 195
8-18 Gait Disorders—Differential Diagnosis
(Continued), 196
8-19 Friedreich Ataxia, 197
SECTION 9—CEREBROVASCULAR
CIRCULATION AND STROKE
OVERVIEW AND APPROACH TO STROKE PATIENT
9-1 Arteries to Brain and Meninges, 200
9-2 Territories of the Cerebral Arteries, 201
9-3 Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medial
Views, 202
9-4 Arteries Of Brain: Frontal View and
Section, 203
9-5 Stroke Subtypes, 204
9-6 Temporal Profile of Transient Ischemic
Attack (TIA) and Completed Infarction
(CI), 205
9-7 Clinical Evaluation and Therapeutic
Options in Stroke, 206
9-8 Clinical Evaluation and Therapeutic
Options in Stroke (Continued), 207
9-9 Uncommon Etiologic Mechanisms in
Stroke, 208
ANTERIOR CIRCULATION ISCHEMIA
9-10 Common Sites of Cerebrovascular
Occlusive Disease, 209
9-11 Other Etiologies of Carotid Artery
Disease, 210
9-12 Clinical Manifestations of Carotid Artery
Disease, 211
9-13 Occlusion of Middle and Anterior
Cerebral Arteries, 212
9-14 Diagnosis of Internal Carotid
Disease, 213
9-15 Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Disease, 214
9-16 Carotid Endarterectomy, 215
9-17 Endovascular ICA Angioplasty and
Stenting Using A Protective Device, 216
VERTEBRAL BASILAR SYSTEM DISORDERS
9-18 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Basal
View, 217
9-19 Arteries of Posterior Cranial Fossa, 218
9-20 Clinical Manifestations of Vertebrobasilar
Territory Ischemia, 219
9-21 Intracranial Occlusion of Vertebral
Artery, 220
9-22 Occlusion of Basilar Artery and
Branches, 221
9-23 Occlusion of “Top of Basilar” and
Posterior Cerebral Arteries, 222
BRAIN EMBOLI
9-24 Cardiac Sources of Brain Emboli, 223
9-25 Uncommon Cardiac Mechanisms In
Stroke, 224
LACUNAR STROKE
9-26 Lacunar Infarction, 225
9-27 Risk Factors for Cardiovascular
Disease, 226
OTHER
9-28 Hypertensive Encephalopathy, 227
9-29 Hypoxia, 228
COAGULOPATHIES
9-30 Role of Platelets in Arterial
Thrombosis, 229
9-31 Inherited Thrombophilias, 230
9-32 Antiphospholipid Antibody
Syndrome, 231
VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
9-33 Meninges and Superficial Cerebral
Veins, 232
9-34 Intracranial Venous Sinuses, 233
9-35 Diagnosis of Venous Sinus
Thrombosis, 234
INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
9-36 Pathogenesis and Types, 235
9-37 Clinical Manifestations of Intracranial
Hemorrhage Related to Site, 236
9-38 Vascular Malformations, 237
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND
INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS
9-39 Distribution and Clinical Manifestations
of Congenital Aneurysm Rupture, 238
9-40 Giant Congenital Aneurysms, 239
9-41 Ophthalmologic Manifestations of
Cerebral Aneurysms, 240
9-42 Approach to Internal Carotid
Aneurysms, 241
9-43 Interventional Radiologic Repair of Berry
Aneurysms, 242
PEDIATRICS
9-44 Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disease, 243
REHABILITATION
9-45 Positioning in Bed and Passive
Range-of-Motion Exercises After
Stroke, 244
9-46 Aphasia Rehabilitation, 245
9-47 Other Rehabilitative Issues: Dysphagia/
Gait Training/Locked-in Syndrome, 246
SECTION 10—MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND
OTHER CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
10-1 Overview, 248
10-2 Clinical Manifestations, 249
10-3 Diagnosis, 250
10-4 Diagnosis: Spinal Cord MRI in Multiple
Sclerosis, 251
10-5 Diagnosis: Visual Evoked Response and
Spinal Fluid Analysis, 252
10-6 MS Pathophysiology, 253
10-7 MS Pathophysiology (Continued), 254
10-8 MS Relapses, 256
10-9 MS Relapses (Continued), 257
10-10 MS Relapses (Continued), 258
10-11 MS Relapses: Consequences, 259
10-12 Enigma of Progressive MS, 260
10-13 MS Pathology, 261
10-14 MS Treatment, 262
NEUROIMMUNOLOGIC SYNDROMES
10-15 Neuromyelitis Optica, Acute
Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, and
Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis
—Radiologic Findings, 264
10-16 Neuromyelitis Optica, Acute
Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, and
Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis—
Histopathologic Findings, 265
10-17 Other Neuroimmunologic Syndromes:
an Overlap Between Primary and
Paraneoplastic Processes, 266
10-18 Stiff-Man Syndrome, 267
10-19 Paraneoplastic Immune-Mediated
Disorders, 268
10-20 Paraneoplastic Immune-Mediated
Disorders (Continued), 269
10-21 Neuroimmunology: Paraneoplastic and
Other Autoimmune Syndromes—Central
Nervous System, 270
10-22 Neuroimmunology: Paraneoplastic and
Other Autoimmune Syndromes—
Peripheral Motor Sensory Unit, 271
SECTION 11—INFECTIONS OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
11-1 Bacterial Meningitis, 274
11-2 Bacterial Meningitis (Continued), 275
11-3 Brain Abscess, 276
11-4 Parameningeal Infections, 277
11-5 Infections in the Immunocompromised
Host: Progressive Multifocal
Leukoencephalopathy and
Nocardiosis, 278
11-6 Infections in the Immunocompromised
Host: Listeriosis and Toxoplasmosis, 279
11-7 Neurocysticercosis, 280
11-8 Spirochetal Infections: Neurosyphilis, 281
11-9 Spirochetal Infections: Lyme
Disease, 282
11-10 Tuberculosis of Brain and Spine, 283
11-11 Tetanus, 284
11-12 Aseptic Meningitis, 285
11-13 Primary HIV Infection of the Nervous
System, 286
11-14 HIV Life Cycle and Antiretroviral
Medications, 287
11-15 Poliomyelitis, 288
11-16 Herpes Zoster, 289
11-17 Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis and
Rabies, 290
11-18 Cerebral Malaria and African
Trypanosomiasis, 291
11-19 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis), 292
11-20 Cryptococcal Meningitis, 293
11-21 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, 294
11-22 Neurosarcoidosis, 295
SECTION 12—NEURO-ONCOLOGY
12-1 Clinical Presentations of Brain
Tumors, 298
12-2 Gliomas, 299
12-3 Glioblastoma, 300
12-4 Pediatric Brain Tumors, 301
12-5 Pediatric Brain Tumors (Continued), 302
12-6 Metastatic Tumors to Brain, 303
12-7 Meningiomas, 304
12-8 Meningiomas (Continued), 305
12-9 Pituitary Tumors, 306
12-10 Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary
Tumor, 307
12-11 Craniopharyngioma, 308
12-12 Tumors of Pineal Region, 309
12-13 Vestibular Schwannomas, 310
12-14 Removal of Vestibular Schwannoma, 311
12-15 Intraventricular Tumors, 312
12-16 Chordomas, 313
12-17 Differential Diagnosis of CNS
Tumors, 314
12-18 Treatment Modalities, 315
SECTION 13—HEADACHE
13-1 Overview of Headaches, 318
13-2 Migraine Pathophysiology, 319
13-3 Migraine Presentation, 320
13-4 Migraine Aura, 321
13-5 Migraine Management, 322
13-6 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalagias:
Cluster Headache, 323
13-7 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalagias:
Paroxysmal Hemicrania (PH), 324
13-8 Tension-Type Headache and Other
Benign Episodic and Chronic
Headaches, 325
13-9 Pediatric Headache, 326
13-10 Cranial Neuralgias—Trigeminal
Neuralgia, 327
13-11 Other Cranial Neuralgias, 328
13-12 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH),
Pseudotumor Cerebri, 329
13-13 Intracranial Hypotension/ Low
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure
Headache, 330
13-14 Giant Cell Arteritis, 331
13-15 Contiguous Structure Headaches, 332
13-16 Thunderclap Headache and Other
Headaches Presenting in the Emergency
Department, 333
13-17 Headaches Presenting in the Emergency
Department (Continued), 334
13-18 Headaches Presenting in the Emergency
Department (Continued), 335
13-19 Headaches Presenting in the Emergency
Department (Continued), 336
SECTION 14—HEAD TRAUMA
14-1 Skull: Anterior View, 338
14-2 Skull: Lateral View, 339
14-3 Skull: Midsagittal Section, 340
14-4 Calvaria, 341
14-5 External Aspect of Skull Base, 342
14-6 Internal Aspects of Base of Skull:
Bones, 343
14-7 Internal Aspects of Base of Skull:
Orifices, 344
14-8 Skull Injuries, 345
14-9 Concussion, 346
14-10 Acute Epidural Hematoma, 347
14-11 Acute Subdural Hematoma, 348
14-12 CT Scans and MR Images of Intracranial
Hematomas, 349
14-13 Vascular Injury, 350
14-14 Initial Assessment and Management of
Head Injury, 351
14-15 Glasgow Coma Score, 352
14-16 Neurocritical Care and Management
after Traumatic Brain Injury: Devices
for Monitoring Intracranial
Pressure, 353
14-17 Neurocritical Care and Management:
Decompressive Craniectomy, 354
Llamanos al
