Table of Contents
Section 1 Anatomy and embryology
- Respiratory System
- Bony Thorax
- Rib Characteristics and Costovertebral Articulations
- Anterior Thoracic Wall
- Anterior Thoracic Wall (Continued)
- Anterior Thoracic Wall: Internal View
- Dorsal Aspect of Thorax
- Dorsal Aspect of Thorax: Posterior and Lateral Views
- Course and Relations of Intercostal Nerves and Arteries
- Diaphragm: Viewed from Above
- Topography of Lungs: Anterior View
- Topography of Lungs: Posterior View
- Medial Surface of Lungs
- Bronchopulmonary Segments
- Bronchopulmonary Segments in Relationship to Ribs
- Relations of Trachea and Main Bronchi
- Bronchial Arteries
- Mediastinum: Right Lateral View
- Mediastinum: Left Lateral View
- Innervation of Lungs and Tracheobronchial Tree
- Structure of Trachea and Major Bronchi
- Intrapulmonary Airways
- Structure of Bronchi and Bronchioles – Light Microscopy
- Ultrastructure of Tracheal, Bronchial, and Bronchiolar Epithelium
- Bronchial Submucosal Glands
- Intrapulmonary Blood Circulation
- Fine Structure of Alveolar Capillary Unit: Ultrastructure of Pulmonary Alveoli and Capillaries
- Fine Structure of Alveolar Capillary Unit (Continued): Type II Alveolar Cell and Surface-Active Layer
- Fine Structure of Alveolar Capillary Unit (Continued): Pulmonary Vascular Endothelium
- Lymphatic Drainage of the Lungs and Pleura
- Lymphatic Drainage of the Lungs and Pleura: Distribution of Lymphatics
- Pulmonary Immunology; Lymphocytes, Mast cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
Development of Lower Respiratory System
1-33 Developing Respiratory Tract and Pharynx
1-34 Respiratory System at 5 to 6 Weeks
1-35 Respiratory System At 6 to 7 Weeks
1-36 Larynx, Traceobronchial Tree, and Lungs at 7 to 10 Weeks
1-37 Sagittal Section At 6 to 7 Weeks
1-38 Transverse Section At 5 to 8 Weeks
1-39 Diaphragm at 5 to 6 Weeks
1-40 Terminal Air Tube
1-41 Alveolar-Capillary Relationships At Age 8 Years
1-42 Surfactant Effects
1-43 Physiology of the Perinatal Pulmonary Circulation
Section 2 physiology
Pulmonary Mechanics and Gas Exchange 2-1 – 2-21
- Muscles of Respiration
- Spirometry: Lung Volume and Measurement
- Determination of Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Forces During Quiet Breathing
- Measurement of Elastic Properties of Lung
- Surface Forces In Lung
- Elastic Properties of Respiratory System: Lung and Chest Wall
- Distribution of Airway Resistance
- Patterns of Airflow
- Expiratory Flow
- Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity Maneuver
- Work of Breathing
- Pleural Pressure Gradient and Closing Volume
- Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow
- Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
- Pathways and Transfers of O2 and CO2
- Blood Gas Relationships During Normal Ventilation and Alveolar Hypoventilation
- Ventilation – Perfusion Relationships
- Shunts
- Oxygen Transport
- Role of Lungs and Kidneys in Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
2-22 Response to Oxidant Injury
Lung Metabolism
2-23 Inactivation of Circulating Vasoactive Substances
2-24 Activation of Circulating Precursors of Vasoactive Substances
Control and Disorders of Respiration
2-25 Chemical Control of Respiration (Feedback Mechanism)
2-26 Neural Control of Breathing
2-27 Respiraotry Response to Exercise
2-28 Effects of High Altitude on Respiraotry Mechanism
2-29 Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation
2-30 Periodic Breathing (Cheyne-Stokes)
2-31 Sites of Pathologic Disturbances in Control of Breathing
Section 3
Diagnostic Procedures
3-1 – 3-3 Tests of Pulmonary Function
Radiologic Examination of the Lungs
3-4 Normal Posterior-Anterior (PA) and Lateral Views of Chest
3-5 Lateral Decubitus View
3-6 Technique of Helical Computerized Tomography (CT)
3-7 Right Bronchial Tree as Revealed by Bronchograms
3-8 Left Bronchial Tree as Revealed by Bronchograms
3-9 Pulmonary Angiography
3-10 Images from a PET-CT Scanner
3-11 Patterns of Lobar Collapse: Right Lung (After Lubert and Krause)
3-12 Patterns of Lobar Collapse: Left Lung (After Lubert and Krause)
3-13 Aveolar Versus Interstitial Disease
3-14 Distribution of Pulmonary Nodules
3-15 Aveolar Disease
3-16 Radiograph Consolidation Patterns of Each Segment of Lungs (AP Views)
3-17 Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
3-18 Airway and Pleural Diseases
3-19 Abnormalities of the chest Wall and Mediastinum
3-20 Exhaled breath analysis
Endoscopic Procedures
3-21 Flexible Bronchoscopy
3-22 Bronchoscopic Views
3-23 Nomenclature for Peripheral Bronchi
3-24 Rigid Bronchoscopy
3-25 Endobronchial Ultrasound
3-26 Mediastinotomy and Mediastinoscopy
Section 4
Diseases and Pathology
Congenital Lung Disease
4-1 Congenital Deformities of Thoracic Cage
4-2 Pathology of Kyphoscoliosis
4-3 Pulmonary Function in Kyphoscoliosis
4-4 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
4-5 Tracheoesophageal Fistulas and Tracheal Anomalies
4-6 Pulmonary Agenesis, Aplasia and Hypoplasia
4-7 Congenital lung cysts
4-8 Pulmonary Sequestration
4-9 Congenital Lobar Emphysema
4-10 Chronic Cough
Laryngeal Disorders
4-11 Common Laryngeal Lesions
4-12 Laryngeal Granuloma and Tracheal Stenosis
4-13 Vocal Cord Dysfunctions
Bronchial Asthma
4-14 Allergic Asthma: Clinical Features
4-15 Non-Allergic Asthma: Clinical Features
4-16 Common Precipitating Factors in Etiology of Bronchial Asthma
4-17 Variable Airflow Obstruction and Airway Hyperresponsiveness
4-18 Sputum in Bronchial Asthma
4-19 Skin Testing for Allergy
4-20 Representative Differential Diagnosis of Bronchial Asthma
4-21 Blood Gas and pH Relationships
4-22 Airway Pathophysiology in Asthma
4-23 Mechanism of Type 1 (Immediate) Hypersensitivity
4-24 Pathology of Severe Asthma
4-25 General Management Principles for Allergic Asthma
4-26 Mechanism of Asthma Medications
4-27 Emergency Department Management of Asthma
4-28 Interrelationship of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
4-29 Emphysema
4-30 Chronic Bronchitis
4-31 Mixed Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
4-32 Cor Pulmonale Due To COPD
4-33 Chronic Obstructive Pulomary Disease
4-34 Anatomic Distribution of Emphysema
4-35 Centriacinar (Centrilobular) Emphysema
4-36 Panacinar (Panlobular) Emphysema
4-37 COPD: Inflammation
4-38 COPD: Protease-Antiprotease Imbalances
4-39 Pulmonary Function in Obstructive Disease
4-40 Pathophysiology of Emphysema
4-41 High Resolution CT Scan of Lungs in COPD
4-42 Summary of COPD Treatment Guidelines
Bronchiectasis
4-43 Bilateral Severe Bronchiectasis
4-44 Localized Bronchiectasis
Cystic Fibrosis
4-45 Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
4-46 Radiographic and Gross Anatomical Findings of the Lung Cystic Fibrosis
4-47 Cystic Fibrosis: Clinical Aspects
Lung Cancer Overview
4-48 Classification of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
4-49 Lung Cancer Staging
4-50 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
4-51 Adenocarcinoma of the Lung
4-52 Large Cell Carcinomas of the Lung
4-53 Small Cell Carcinomas of the Lung
4-54 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
4-55 Pancoast’s Tumor and Syndrome
Paraneoplastic Manifestations of Lung Cancer
4-56 Endocrine Manifestations of Lung Cancer
4-57 Neuromuscular and Connective Tissue Manifestations of Lung Cancer
4-58 Other Neoplasms of the Lung
4-59 Benign Tumors of Lung
4-60 Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
4-61 Mediastinal Tumors: Anterior Mediastinum
4-62 Middle-Posterior and Paravertebral Mediastinum
4-63 Pulmonary Metastases
Pneumonia
4-64 Overview of Pneumonia
4-65 Pneumococcal Pneumonia
4-66 Pneumococcal Pneumonia (Continued)
Atypical Pathogen Pneumonia
4-67 Mycoplasmal Pneumonia
4-68 Chlamydophila Psittaci Pneumonia
4-69 Legionella Pneumonia
4-70 Staphylococcus Aureus Pneumonia
4-71 Hemophilus Influenzae Pneumonia
4-72 Gram –Negative Bacterial Pneumonia
Viral Community-Acquired Pneumonia
4-73 Influenza Virus and its Epidemiology
4-74 Influenzal Pneumonia
4-75 Varicella Pneumonia
4-76 Cytomegalovirus Penumonia
4-77 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
4-78 Lung Abscess
4-79 Lung Abscess (Continued)
4-80 Overviews of HCAP, HAP and VAP
4-81 Overviews of HCAP, HAP and VAP (Continued)
4-82 Pneumonia in the Compromised Host
4-83 Pneumonia in the Compromised Host (Continued)
4-84 Actinomycosis
4-85 Nocardiosis
4-86 Histoplasmosis
4-87 Histoplasmosis (Continued)
4-88 Coccidioidomycosis
4-89 Blastomycosis
4-90 Paracoccidioidomycosis
4-91 Cryptococcosis (Torulosis)
4-92 Aspergillosis
Tuberculosis
4-93 Dissemination of Tuberculosis
4-94 Evolution of Tubercle
4-95 Initial (Primary) Tuberculosis Complex
4-96 Progressive Pathology
4-97 Extensive Cavitary Disease
4-98 Miliary Tuberculosis
4-99 Tuberculin Testing
4-100 Sputum Examination
4-101 Sputum Culture
4-102 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease
Lung Diseases Caused by the Inhalation of Particles and Fumes
4-103 Overview of Inhalation Diseases
4-104 Silicosis
4-105 Silicosis (Continued)
4-106 Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
4-107 Asbestosis and Asbestos-Related Diseases
4-108 Asbestosis and Asbestos-Related Diseases (Continued)
4-109 Beryllium
4-110 Pneumoconiosis Caused by Various Minerals and Mixed Dusts
4-111 Pneumoconiosis Caused by Various Minerals and Mixed Dusts (Continued)
4-112 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
4-113 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Continued)
Pulmonary Embolism/Venous Thromboembolism
4-114 Predisposing Factors for Pulmonary Embolism
4-115 Sources of Pulmonary Emboli
4-116 Clinical Manifestations of Leg Vein Thrombosis
4-117 Ultrasound and CT in Diagnosis of Acute Venous Thromboembolism
4-118 Embolism of Lesser Degree without Infarction
4-119 Pulmonary Infarction
4-120 Massive Embolization
4-121 Mechanical Defenses Against and Chronic Effects of Pulmonary Embolism
4-122 Special Situations and Extravascular Sources of Pulmonary Emboli
Pulmonary Hypertension
4-123 WHO Classification System of Pulmonary Hypertension
4-124 Pathology of Pulmonary Hypertension
4-125 Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension
4-126 Therapy for Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Edema
4-127 Pulmonary Edema: Pathway of Normal Pulmonary Fluid Resorption
4-128 Pulmonary Edema: Some Etiologies, and Hypotheses of Mechanisms
Pleural Effusion
4-129 Pathophysiology of Pleural Fluid Accumulation
4-130 Pleural Effusion in Heart Disease
4-131 Unexpandable Lung
4-132 Parapneumonic Effusion
4-133 Pleural Effusion in Malignancy
4-134 Chylothorax
Thoracic Trauma
4-135 Rib and Sternal Injuries
4-136 Flail Chest and Pulmonary Contusion
Pneumothorax
4-137 Tension Pneumothorax
4-138 Open (Sucking) Pneumothorax
4-139 Hemothorax
4-140 Pulmonary Laceration
4-141 Tracheobronchial Rupture
4-142 Traumatic Asphyxia
4-143 Diaphragmatic Injuries
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
4-144 Respiratory Distress Syndrome
4-145 Respiratory Distress Sydnrome (Continued)
4-146 Acute Lung Injury
Interstitial Lung Diseases
4-147 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
4-148 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias (Continued)
4-149 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias (Continued)
4-150 Cryoptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
4-151 Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
4-152 Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
4-153 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
4-154 Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
4-155 Sarcoidosis
4-156 Sarcoidosis (Continued)
4-157 Rheumatoid Arthritis
4-158 Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
4-159 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
4-160 Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
4-161 Pulmonary Vasculitis
4-162 Eosinophilic Pneumonia
4-163 Pulmonary Manifestations of Other Diseases
4-164 Pulmonary Manifestations of Other Diseases (Continued)
4-165 Sleep Medicine
4-166 Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Section 5 Therapies and Therapeutic Procedures
Pulmonary Pharmacology
5-1 Bronchodilators
5-2 Methylxanthines
5-3 Methylxanthines: Adverse Effects
5-4 Anticholinergics
5-5 Corticosteroid Actions in Bronchial Asthma
5-6 Corticosteroids: Clinical Uses
5-7 Adverse Effects of Corticosteroids
5-8 Leukotrienes
5-9 Antileukotrienes
5-10 Cough Suppressants (Antitussive Agents)
5-11 Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Oxygen Therapy
5-12 Oxygen Therapy in Acute Respiratory Failure
5-13 Methods of Oxygen Administration
5-14 Oxygen Therapy in Chronic Respiratory Failure (Ambulatory and Home Use)
Airway Management
5-15 Introduction of Chest Drainage Tubes
5-16 Chest Draining Methods
5-17 Postural Drainage and Breathing Exercises
5-18 Upper Airway Obstruction and the Heimlich Maneuver
5-19 Securing an Emergent Airway
5-20 Endotracheal Intubation
5-21 Tracheostomy
5-22 Morbidity of Endotracheal Intubation and Tracheostomy
5-23 Endotracheal Suction
5-24 Mechanical Ventilation
Lung Surgery
5-25 Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis
5-26 Removal of Mediastinal Tumors
5-27 Sublobar Resection and Surgical Lung Biopsy
5-28 Lobectomy
5-29 Pneumonectomy
5-30 Pneumonectomy (Continued)
5-31 Video Assisted Thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
5-32 Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS)
5-33 Lung Transplant
Selected References
Llamanos al
