The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Urinary System Volume 5

The Urinary System, 2nd Edition provides a concise and highly visual approach to the basic sciences and clinical pathology of the kidney, bladder, and ureters. This volume in The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations (the CIBA "Green Books") has been expanded and revised by Drs. Christopher Rehbeck Kelly and Jaime Landman to capture current clinical perspectives in nephrology and urology - from normal anatomy, histology, physiology, and development to glomerular and tubular diseases, infections, urological surgeries, and cancers. It also features hundreds of radiologic and pathologic images to supplement the classic Netter illustrations, as well as new illustrations created Key Features Get complete, integrated visual guidance on the kidney, ureters, and bladder in a single source, from basic sciences and normal anatomy and function through pathologic conditions. Adeptly navigate current controversies and timely topics in clinical medicine with guidance from expert editors, authors, and the input of an international advisory board.

Table of Contents

Section 1 - ANATOMY OF THE URINARY TRACT

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   1. Kidney: Position and Relations (Anterior View)
   2. Kidney: Position and Relations (Posterior View)
   3. Kidney: Position and Relations (Transverse Sections)
   4. Kidney: Gross Structure
   5. Renal Fascia
   6. Ureters: Position, Relations, Gross Structure
   7. Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Male)
   8. Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Female)
   9. Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Coronal Cross-Section)
   10. Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery and Vein In Situ
   11. Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery Segmental Branches and Intrarenal Arteries
   12. Renal Vasculature: Variations in Renal Artery and Vein
   13. Vasculature of Ureters and Bladder
   14. Innervation of Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder
   15. Innervation Pathways of the Kidneys and Upper Ureter
   16. Innervation Pathways of the Ureter and Bladder
   17. Lymphatics of Urinary System
   18. Overview of the Nephron
   19. Renal Microvascualture
   20. Glomerulus: Structure and Histology
   21. Glomerulus Fine Structure
   22. Glomerulus: Electron Microscopy
   23. Proximal Tubule
   24. Thin Limb
   25. Distal Tubule
   26. Collecting Duct
   27. Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Bladder

Section 2 - Normal and Abnormal Development

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   1. Development of Kidney
   2. Development of Kidney: Nephron Formation
   3. Development of Bladder and Ureter: Formation of the Cloaca
   4. Development of Bladder and Ureter: Septation, Incorporation of Ureters, and Maturation
   5. Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Normal Renal Ascent and Pelvic Kidney
   6. Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Thoracic and Crossed Ectopic Kidney
   7. Renal Rotation and Malrotation
   8. Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Bilateral Renal Agenesis
   9. Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Unilateral Renal Agenesis
   10. Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Supernumerary Kidney
   11. Renal Fusion
   12. Renal Dysplasia
   13. Renal Hypoplasia
   14. Simple Cysts
   15. Polycystic Kidney Disease: Gross Appearance
   16. Polycystic Kidney Disease: Radiographic Findings
   17. Medullary Sponge Kidney
   18. Nephronophthisis / Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease Complex
   19. Retrocaval Ureter: Radiographic Findings and Laparoscopic Repair
   20. Retrocaval Ureter: Normal Development of the Inferior Vena Cava
   21. Vesicoureteral Reflux: Mechanism and Grading
   22. Vesicoureteral Reflux: Voiding Cystourethrograms
   23. Ureteral Duplication: Complete
   24. Ureteral Duplication: Incomplete
   25. Ectopic Ureter
   26. Ureterocele: Gross and Fine Appearance
   27. Ureterocele: Radiographic Findings
   28. Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Abdominal Wall
   29. Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder
   30. Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Epispadias
   31. Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Bladder Exstrophy
   32. Bladder Duplication and Septation
   33. Anomalies of the Urachus
   34. Posterior Urethral Valves: Gross Appearance
   35. Posterior Urethral Valves: Radiographic Findings

Section 3 – Physiology

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   1. Basic Functions and Homeostasis
   2. Clearance and Renal Plasma Flow
   3. Glomerular Filtration Rate
   4. Glomerular Filtration Rate: Calculation
   5. Secretion and Reabsorption: Tubular Reabsorption and Saturation Kinetics
   6. Secretion and Reabsorption: Fractional Excretion (Clearance Ratios)
   7. Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Nephron Sites of Sodium Reabsorption
   8. Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Contraction
   9. Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Expansion
   10. Renal Handling of Potassium
   11. Renal Handling of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium
   12. Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 1
   13. Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 2
   14. Countercurrent Multiplication: Models to Demonstrate Principle of Countercurrent Exchange System of Vasa Recta in Minimizing Dissipation of Medullary Osmotic Gradient
   15. Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Present)
   16. Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Absent)
   17. Antidiuretic Hormone
   18. Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Modulation of Renin Release
   19. Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
   20. Acid Base Balance: Roles of Chemical Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys in Acid-Base Handling
   21. Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Reabsorption
   22. Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Synthesis and Proton Excretion
   23. Acid Base Balance: Acidosis and Alkalosis
   24. Additional Functions of Erythropoiesis and Vitamin D
   25. Renal Tubular Acidosis: Proximal
   26. Renal Tubular Acidosis: Classic Distal
   27. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Diabetes Insipidus
   28. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Major Causes and Symptoms

Section 4 – Renal Diseases

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   1. Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Causes
   2. Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Possible Urine Findings
   3. Acute Tubular Necrosis: Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Features
   4. Acute Tubular Necrosis: Histopathological Findings
   5. Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathophysiology
   6. Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes
   7. Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Presentation and Diagnosis
   8. Minimal Change Disease: Causes and Presentation
   9. Minimal Change Disease: Histopathology
   10. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Causes, Clinical Features, and Histopathological Findings
   11. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
   12. Membranous Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features
   13. Membranous Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings
   14. Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Clinical Features and Histopathological Findings
   15. Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
   16. IgA Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features
   17. IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings
   18. IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
   19. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Causes and Clinical Features
   20. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings
   21. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
   22. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Causes, Features, and Assessment
   23. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Classical Pathway of Complement Pathways
   24. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings
   25. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
   26. Hereditary Nephritis (Alport's) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Features
   27. Hereditary Nephritis (Alport's) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings
   28. Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Causes and Clinical Features
   29. Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings
   30. Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Analgesic Nephropathy
   31. Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings
   32. Thrombotic Microangiopathy: General Features
   33. Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
   34. Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
   35. Renal Vein Thrombosis
   36. Renal Artery Stenosis: Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension
   37. Renal Artery Stenosis: Causes
   38. Congestive Heart Failure: Types of Left Heart Failure and Effects on Renal Function
   39. Congestive Heart Failure: Effects of Left Heart Failure on Renal Blood Flow and Tubular Function
   40. Hepatorenal Syndrome: Proposed Pathophysiology
   41. Hepatorenal Syndrome: Symptoms and Diagnosis
   42. Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Major Causes
   43. Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Chronic)
   44. Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Malignant)
   45. Diabetic Nephropathy: Diabetes Mellitus
   46. Diabetic Nephropathy
   47. Amyloidosis: Deposition Sites and Manifestations
   48. Amyloidosis: Histopathological Findings
   49. Lupus Nephritis: Diagnostic Criteria
   50. Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class I and II Lesions)
   51. Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class III and IV Lesions)
   52. Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class V Lesions)
   53. Myeloma Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Findings
   54. Myeloma Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings
   55. HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Light Microscopy Findings
   56. HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings
   57. HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Mechanisms of Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy
   58. Preeclampsia: Clinical Definition and Potential Mechanism of Pathogenesis
   59. Preeclampsia: Renal Pathology
   60. Preeclampsia: HELLP Syndrome and Eclampsia
   61. Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Diagnostic Criteria
   62. Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Additional Clinical Features
   63. Fabry's Disease
   64. Cystinosis: Pathophysiology and the Renal Fanconi Syndrome
   65. Cystinosis: Extrarenal Manifestations
   66. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Staging System and Major Causes
   67. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Mechanism of Progression and Complications
   68. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Uremia
   69. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
   70. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease

Section 5 – Urinary Tract Infections

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   1. Cystitis: Risk Factors
   2. Cystitis: Common Symptoms and Tests
   3. Cystitis: Evaluation
   4. Cystitis: Treatment
   5. Pyelonephritis: Risk Factors and Major Findings
   6. Pyelonephritis: Pathology
   7. Bacteriuria Management of Asymptometic Bacteriuria
   8. Intrarenal and Perinephric Abscesses
   9. Tuberculosis: Infection and Extrapulmonary Spread
   10. Tuberculosis: Urinary Tract
   11. Schistosomiasis: Lifecycle of Schistosoma Haematobium
   12. Schistosomiasis: Effects of Chronic Schistosoma Haematobium Infection

Section 6 – Urinary Tract Obstructions

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   1. Obstructive Uropathy: Etiology
   2. Obstructive Uropathy: Sequelae
   3. Urolithiasis: Formation of Renal Stones
   4. Urolithiasis: Major Sites of Renal Stone Impaction
   5. Urolithiasis: Appearance of Renal Stones
   6. Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
   7. Ureteral Strictures

Section 7 – Traumatic Injuries

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   1. Renal Injuries: Grading System and Renal Parencyhmal Injuries
   2. Renal Injuries: Renal Hilar Injuries
   3. Ureteral Injuries
   4. Bladder Injuries: Extraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures
   5. Bladder Injuries: Intraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures

Section 8 –Voiding Dysfunction

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   1. Voiding dysfunction: Anatomy of Female Urinary Continence Mechanisms
   2. Voiding dysfunction : Neural Control of Bladder Function and Effects of Lesions
   3. Voiding dysfunction: Stress Urinary Incontinence
   4. Urodynamics: Equipment and Set-up for Urodynamics Studies
   5. Urodynamics: Example Urodynamics Recordings

Section 9 – Neoplasms

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   1. Benign Renal Tumors: Papillary Adenoma and Oncocytoma
   2. Benign Renal Tumors: Angiomyolipoma
   3. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Radiographic Findings
   4. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Gross Pathological Findings
   5. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Histopathological Findings
   6. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Staging System and Sites of Metastasis
   7. Wilms Tumor: Genetics, Presentation, and Radiographic Findings
   8. Wilms Tumor: Gross Appearance and Histopathological Findings
   9. Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Risk Factors and Radiographic Appearance
   10. Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Appearance (Ureteroscopic, Gross, and Microscopic) and Staging System
   11. Tumors of the Bladder: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Physical Examination
   12. Tumors of the Bladder: Cystoscopic and Radiographic Appearance
   13. Tumors of the Bladder: Histopathological Findings and Staging System

Section 10 – Therapeutics

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   1. Osmotic Diuretics
   2. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
   3. Loop Diuretics
   4. Thiazide Diuretics
   5. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
   6. Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin System
   7. Renal Biopsy: Indications and Structure of Typical Spring-Loaded Needle
   8. Renal Biopsy: Procedure
   9. Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Hemodialysis
   10. Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Vascular Access for Hemodialysis
   11. Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Peritoneal Dialysis
   12. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
   13. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Creation of Access Tract
   14. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Nephroscope and Sonotrode
   15. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Ultrasonic Lithotripsy of Large Stones
   16. Pyeloplasty / Endopyelotomy
   17. Renal Revascularization: Endovascular Therapies
   18. Renal Revascularization: Surgical Therapies
   19. Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Nephrectomy (Incisions for Transperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Approaches)
   20. Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Simple Nephrectomy (Flank Approach)
   21. Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach (Left-Sided))
   22. Partial Nephrectomy: Open Partial Nephrectomy (Retroperitoneal (Flank) Approach)
   23. Partial Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach)
   24. Renal Ablation: Laparoscopic Cryoablation (Retroperitoneal Approach)
   25. Renal Ablation: Percutaneous Cryoablation
   26. Renal Transplantation: Recipient Operation
   27. Renal Transplantation: Mechanisms of Action of Immunosuppressive Medications
   28. Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Immediate Post-Operative Period
   29. Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Early Post-Transplant Period
   30. Renal Transplantation: Acute Rejection (Histopathological Findings)
   31. Renal Transplantation: Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity (Histopathological Findings)
   32. Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Late Post-Transplant Period
   33. Ureteroscopy: Device Design and Deployment
   34. Ureteroscopy: Stone Fragmentation and Extraction
   35. Ureter Reimplantation
   36. Ureteral Reconstruction
   37. Cystoscopy: Cystoscope Design
   38. Cystoscopy: Cystoscopic Views
   39. Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: Equipment and Procedure
   40. Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: Procedure (Continued)